Thermochemical Conversion

Thermochemical Conversion
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Thermochemical Conversion
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Thermochemical Conversion is the process of converting biomass into one or more renewable fuels (biofuel or bioenergy), whereby the biomass is either; cracked, depolymerized, or gasified in order to produce transportation fuels such as synthetic diesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, or "green" gasoline. These Thermochemical Conversion technologies are separately referred to as:

Gasification

In a gasification conversion process, lignocellulosic feedstocks such as wood and forest products are broken down to synthesis gas, primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen, using heat. The biomass feedstock is then partially oxidized, or reformed with a gasifying agent (air, oxygen, or steam), which produces synthesis gas (syngas).

The quality and contents or makeup of the synthesis gas will vary due to the different types of biomass (feedstock), the moisture content, the type of gasifier used, the gasification agent, and the temperature and pressure in the gasifier.

Syngas Cleanup and Conditioning

The synthesis gas produced undergoes clean-up and conditioning to create a contaminant-free gas having the appropriate hydrogen-carbon monoxide ratio prior to the catalytic conversion step.

Among the contaminants removed during clean-up are tars, acid gas, ammonia, alkali metals, and other particulates.

synthesis gas is then conditioned: hydrogen sulfide levels are reduced by sulfur polishing, and hydrogen-carbon monoxide ratio is adjusted using water-gas shift.

Pyrolysis

In pyrolysis processing, one or more biomass feedstock(s) are broken down using heat in the absence of oxygen, producing a bio-oil that can be further refined to a hydrocarbon product. The decomposition occurs at lower temperatures than gasification processes, and produces liquid oil instead of a synthesis gas.

Oil produced varies in oxygen content or viscosity according to the feedstock used.

Bio-Oil Cleanup

Oil produced via the pyrolysis process must have particulates and ash removed in filtration to create a homogenous product. The oil is then upgraded to hydrocarbon fuels via hydrotreating and hydrocracking processing, which reduces its total oxygen content.

In the biomass gasification sector, there are a large number of companies that offer a wide range of biomass gasification technologies. Some of these biomass gasification technologies are very old and highly inefficient at converting biomass to synthesis gas, in the waste to energy or waste to fuel equation. Some of these are operating as low as 27% efficiency. As a result, a large percentage of biomass is "wasted" and the

Plasma Gasification - is the thermal disintegration of carbonaceous materials into their elemental compounds in an oxygen-starved environment using a "plasma."

Plasma Gasification renders most waste streams, including medical/hospital waste, chemical waste, hazardous waste, and even low-level radioactive waste, completely safe and inert. Plasma Gasification is the "ultimate" solution for handling most every waste stream that is now going into landfills. In fact, Plasma Gasification plants will soon be built next to landfills, and take the waste that would have gone into the landfill, and be processed by Plasma Gasification. Eventually, the waste and contents of landfills will be recovered and processed with Plasma Gasification plants.

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